Dr. M. Maisuangdibou

Pariga bambo gu ladpui hangga Eh niu madinthiu aruangnibo ra parathiujiu English Grammar ye, sibo ruangga parts of Speech si namai school kiukinmai khatdi college kiukinmai leng, maksai English grammar simasan khainimai leng roukhaibo ye. Siniu, haibo article ga English lad thinbo kengjiu ngoudou sune, chiudi parathiubo ra Lianglad gasu chalipatbo nai simala ra taliu khaibo si ngoune. English lad maidi sikammakke, khatdi English grammar di maidi sikambo haye. Chiudi pajai kasia sisuibo, simaksai wangtang lakjingbo bamme. Sisiniu, sikumbo lamga dinmui dinkhai ra pageng bamme chiu malumjiu roukhaiboye. English Parts of Speech lamga dinmakhaga English lad lamga kasia dinkhai raine.

Tuhoi kenga, English haisi kadihpiri lad thiujiu bammide. Haisi kawibo makke palam ra katambo chalad dungtu jinwangbo, kammahawangbo bamme, chiudi aliu khamne chiudi khamngam lakbo lunglung miboye. Politics gama, business gama, culture gama, Exam gama, English thinpiu kamakbo bam haye. Siniu, English pousimakbo mai haisi maitu hatanglakbo kengjiu bamme.

Tuhoi aliuniu sibambo English lad haisi kaguangbo ladmakke, khatdi English kynamai haisi karaidou (ancient) tingga wakasibo jatdi makke. Paliuniu wasi patbo si tingkum sangkhat (1000) tangmakkhaye. Khatdi tingkum kaimangiu kaicharuak (500-600) kumbo ruannang khaye paliu niu Kadihri mawangpou thiuwangbo si. Siboma gara English kynaimaidi kaguangbo society, chaluungam maleng kamjiu lungbamliuye. Paliusuang wasirai mibo jat kengjiu bamme, parathiujiu Greekmai, Rommai, Hebrewmai, Chinesemai, Indiamai, paliukumbo dungsi tingkum sangnia-sangsum (before 2000-3000) suanglam su wasijiu lungwangmibo jat dungye.

English kymai gu kawibo khatsiniu, paliu wasipatgap, paliu haisi khinlan makke. Tuhoi katang wasijujujiu bamme siniu katambo namdung karaiga wasilu bamniudi pawankhat ga malaitamibo (stagnant thiumibo) donjengniu sikumbo nam, dinjiu India, China, America kumbo tusi English kynamai niu chari ngamlujiu mawangpou thiumiboye. Siniu, tuhoi katang, English kynamai haisi disuthu, wasithu jiu lungjiu bamkhaye. India kumbo tu phuilo, paliu India riga mawangpou thiujiu bamliuye, tuhoi paliu tadmibo tingkum rekchenia (70) suang kengmide chiudi English lad, English cheng, English jai-ali si alijiu bamkhaiye. Siniu ngoulenbo ra English cheng khatdi chalad haisi sichiujiu bammisune tingkum 500-1000 wanglanrabo gadi.

Dinmibo kumjiu English lad haisi kaguangbo lad makke, chalad tambibo madai (4) dinjiu karai ga English ramga bamliubo lad dung pajan dungniu (1) Northumbrian, (2) Mercian, (3) West Saxon khatdi (4) Kentish gasu kammadiou patjiu tuhoi gu English lad haisi patmiboye. “English” chiubo nai ‘England” chiubo ladkeng di karai ga England ga Germany lamsu lungwangbo jat khat “Angles” chiubo jat jan gasu khoipatboye. English lad haisi kaguangbo (old English), ngangbo (medieval English), khatdi tuhoi (modern English) chiujiu wangmibo ye. Kaguangbo English haisi tuhoi modern English gasu tamsinne.

Aliu Lianglad di kaguangbo apoupe dungniu poukaniubo lad tu kaguangbo Lianglad (old Liangmai maksai classical Liangmai) chiujiu kusuiye, tuhoi gu Lianglad tu kasanbo Lianglad (modern Liangmai) chiujiu. English lad haisi paruannang sichiujiu patgap chiumakke, bamliubo laddung maksai pakhai tamtambo lamsu khoi madui-dui thainai ra English niu palin kengthumide. Paliu niu parathiujiu Greekmai lad gasu, Rommai lad Latin gasu, Frenchmai lad gasu, Germanmai lad gasu, khatdi Hindi kumbo gasu khoi makengye. Khatdi English lad haisi Script haliuye, paliuniu thinkinbo si Latin script ye (Italy maksai Rommai ram guye). Jesu sailam tingkum 700 kumbo tingniu Latin Script si English kymaidi paliuleng thinpiumiboye. Tuhoi, aliu di Latin Script thinkinbo si khatle English gu panai, a, b, c, d…x, y, z siye. Haisi Roman Script, Latin mai lad gasu khoipatboye.

Dinjiu, Latin lad gasu English lad leng khoibo kengbamme, dinjiu wine, mile, cheese, butter, priest, bishop, cross, saint, kumbo. French lad gasu khoibo keng diangye. English lad haisi karai ga Lianglad kumjiu chami (meet) chiumisai chami hiangtuye, kakibo tajan bamliu makke. Tuhoi English lad ga beef (matomjan), mutton (kamijan), pork (kabakjan), venison (tathaanjan), veal (matompoijan), chami jandung pajat-pajat mathakpatbo si French lad gasu khoibo malengye.

Katambo French lad gasu khoibo ra sauce, soup, toast, sausage, jelly, pastry, dinner, supper, feast, prince, duke, baron, castle, villain, court, judge, panel, attorney, arrest, adultery, religion, cathedral, salvation, cardinal, parish, grace, charity, discipline, save, blame, khatdi katamtambo bamme. German, Spanish khatdi Scandinavian lad gasu khoibo di kengjiu bamme English leng.

Haichiu jiu mailad khoibo gasu, English lad haisi chaladkeng kengthubo lad thiumiboye. Haikumjiu aliu Lianglad di chalad taliubo nai akhuga kahabo lad dung taliupatbo si pageng bamme. Chalad taliubo di bamme MASANBO BIBLE ga dinjiu olive to takisi, camel tu kontarao, vulture tu lawai, haikumbo si thaidouniu taliupatbo malengye. Khatdi alphabet tu charaogiak, part of speech tu chaladmung, pen tu raoree kuye, palamra sibo chakhou-mania dungsi aram-adi ga bamliu makke. Siniu ngoulenbo ra, aram-adi ga bambo mania, tasing-tatu, chakhou-singbam thangnang si pajan bamkamboye. Pajanhabo dungra aram-adi ga bammakbo dungye dinjiu kangaroo, panda, diamond, whale, shark, coconut, avocado, kumbo kengjiu bamme aram-adi ga habo. Siniu pajan dungdi haye.

English lad dechiujiu patmibolo chiubo lamga dunjiu madinthiu mibo kumjiu tuhoi ra English Grammar lamga kasia dinkhaine parathiu jiu parts of speech lamga. English lad maksai kadihpirimai lad gu chaladkeng hinang haisi parts of speech ga joukambo ye. Parts of speech chiusai “chaladmung” chiujiu kuye Lianglad ga. English lad ga parts of speech tachat bamme. Sibo jandung niu: (1) noun, (2) pronoun, (3) verb, (4) adjective, (5) adverb, (6) preposition, (7) conjunction, and (8) interjection. Haibo dungsi dechiujiu chalad kengdung pangam-pangam kambo khatdi khaitaruangbo ga grammar majibo nai paramba patra thinpiubo parathiuboye. Haibo parts of speech dung lamga Lianglad niu simasanra dinkhaine.

(1) NOUN

Noun chiubo ladkeng si Latin lad nomen nai French lad nom chiusai “name”, “tajan” chiubo gasu khoipatboye.

Definition: English lad ga noun chiusai name of a person, place, animals, things, qualities, action, etc. Maksai noun is a naming word chiuye.

Lianglad niu noun si delo chiusai chamai, pabam, chakhou, chapot, lunlung, ngamkam kumbo pajanbambo maksai pajanleng pisuibo, sikumbo hinang tuye.

Dinjiu, chamai chiubo si noun ye, sibo chamai jan leng pisuiye Akenbou, Peter, Siraliu, Kamla, kumdungsi noun ye. Haichiujiu tajan dungsi noun malengye.

Dinchampanbo ga:

(1) Aribou Newmai is a handsome boy.

(2) Tening is a town.

Haibo chalad riangga Aribou Newmai nai boy si noun ye, chiudi is a handsome dung ra noun makke katambo parts of speech ye. Tening nai town si noun ye.

NOUN haisi pajat nia bamme: (1) CONCRETE, nai (2) ABSTRACT

(1) Concrete chiusai pakangthiubo maksai Ai niu niasuibo, ngoubo, kingsuibo, sisuibo kadihpiri ga bambo mania hinang joumiboye. Chaky, chalu, charam, kadih, naimik, chakhou, singbang, tatu, planets, Ainiu niasuibo hinang si concrete noun ye.

Concrete noun ga pajat madai bamlanne:

(i) proper noun: masanjiu tajanbambo, dinjiu Adambou, Awiliu, Tamei, Ahangky, Thoidam bus, R. Tale Market, kumbo dung).

(ii) common noun: wa parili, pajai, palun machambo dung, dinjiu cow (matom hinang si matom malengye), house (chaki hiang tu dinbamboi kawi-kasi, kaku-kana haye), girl (mapuimaina hinang si girl ye), kumbo dung.

(iii) collective noun: Khaitarungbo pabou, pahum, aruangbo tuye. Dinjiu army chiumisai charimai hinang, cattle chiumisai matom padungthiujiu bambo tuye. Colony chiumisai chaki kengjiu bambo dungtuye.

(iv) material noun: mania dung iron (chaghi), floor (atta/moida kumbo), sugar, salt, aluminium, haikumbo si material maksai chapot mania dungye.

(2) Abstract chiusai niadoulakbo chiudi ahmakum gasu, alungchun gasu sisuibo dung dinjiu love (lungsabo), care (kungkhaibo), grace (lungset), service (ngamkam), slavery (kabanglunlung), luxury (nmanbo), peace (agimanaibo), haikumbo ladkeng dungsi alungchung gasu siboye. Pakangthiujiu haye.

Noun haisi countable nai uncountable di bamme:

Countable chiusai pariak pasuibo, example ga house (chaky), human (chamai), village (nam), tree (singbang), kumbo.

Uncountable chiusai pariak padoulakbo maksai pariak pamakrabo tuye. Example ga: sugar si pariak pasui makke, water (tadui) si padoulakke, soil (taniang) si pariak pasui makke, love (lungsabo) si paraiak haye. Siniu, uncountable chiumisai pariak pamakrabo mania maksai lunlung dungtuye.

(2) PRONOUN

Pronounchiubo si chaladkeng nia khai taruangbo ye “pro” nai “noun” –pro+noun = pronoun. Pro chiusai “nkhabo” maksai wa malinga thinpiubo, English niu dinjiu “for”, “in place of”. Paramba ra noun tu nkhabo maksai noun malinga thinpiubo chiusuiye.

Definition: Pronouns are words used in place of noun. Noun malin ga thinpiubo ladkeng dungtuye.

Dinjiu, Aribou Newmai si noun ye. Aribou lamga dinbo tingga Aribou chiujiu thinmakdi “pa”, “pagu”, chiujiu dinsai Aribou tu dinbambo ye.

Dinchampanbo ga:

Aribou is a good boy. He goes to school. He has a good handwriting.

➢ Aribou hai chamai kawibo khouye. Pa school tadle. Pagu takhou ngouwiye.

Haibo example ga pa, pagu chiujiu dinbambo si Aribou tu malengye. Siniu pronoun si noun malengye chiudi noun malinga thinbo ladkeng dungtuye.

Pronoun dung kasia ra: I, we, me, he, she, it, they, them, us, ours, mine, you, yours, etc. Lianglad gara: Eh, aliu, naliu, nang, haipui, haikhou, nagu, agu, aliugu, paliugu

(3) VERB

Verb chiubo ladkeng haisi Latin lad “verb” chiubo gasu khoi patboye paramba niu “word”, “chaladkeng”.

Definition: Verb tells what the subject is, what it does, or what it possesses.

Verb chiusai is (haiye chiujiu ngoulenbo), action (changamkambo ngoulenbo chaladkeng), khatdi possesses(haikhou guye chiujiu ngoulenbo ladkeng) tuye.

Verb hajiu sentence (chaladriang) taliu doulakke English lad ga. Verb bamkamraboye sentence hinang ga.

Dinchampanbo ga,

(1) I play football. (play chiubo si changam kambo ladkeng ye)

(2) Manonliu is a good girl. (is si haiye chiujiu ngoulenbo ladkeng ye).

(3) Mary has a blackdress (has siniu pampou ngoulenboye)

Changam kambo lad hinang si verb ye. Go (tad), eat (chiu), seat (tou), read (pa), search (phiu), laugh (nui), think (maning), reason (makum), look (phui), run (pak), hide (bai), flow (luang), live (lung), kumbodung. Khatdi ngoulenbo ladkeng is, am, are, was, were, kumbo dung. Khatdi has, have, had dungsi pampou noulenbo verb dungye.

English lad maksai chalad hinang ga noun niu kengthuye, sisai verb niu kenglanne, khatdi noun nai verb thinpiu makeng thuye.

(4) ADJECTIVE

Adjective chiubo ladkeng si Latin lad adjectivum chiubo gasu khoi patle.

Definition: Adjective are words that describe nouns or pronouns.

Adjective ladkeng dungsi noun maksai pronoun gu pajai, palunlung, parili dinbo ladkeng dung hinangsiye. Noun nai pronoun gu qualities nai quantities lamga dinbo ladkeng dutuye.

Dinchampanbo ga,

(1) Lungsiliu has a good pen.

(2) Alungbou is handsome.

(3) I have five balls.

Haibo sentences ga good (wibo; quality) si pen lamga dinbamboye, handsome(akhangwibo; quality) si Alungbou lamga, pajai, parili lamga dinbo ye, khatdi five chiubo si pariak (quantity) dinbambo ye. Sichiu jiu English lad ga noun nai pronoun gu qualities maksai quantities (parili) ngoulenbo hinang si adjective ye.

Good-bad (Wiye-saye), tall-short (kuye-naye), strong-weak (tanne-nuye), pretty-ugly (aliuwi-aliusa), one, two, three, first, second, third, more, less, haikumbo ladkeng hinang si adjective ga jouboye.

(5) ADVERB

Latin lad adverbium gasu adverb si khoi patle.

Adverb chiubo ladkeng ga chaladkeng nia bamme “ad” nai “verb” – ad+verb = adverb. “Ad” chiusai nkhabo, maksai dinsankhaibo tuye. Chiusai, parathiujiu verb tu nkhabo ladkeng dung tu adverb chiujiu dinsuiye.

Definition: Adverbs are words that tell us something more about verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs in a sentence.

Verb, maksai adjective kumbo tu nkhabo, dinmadeo khaibo ladkeng dungtu adverb lad keng dungye chiuye.

Dinchampanbo ga:

(1) Kahubou sings sweetly.

(2) Sisiakbou is very clever.

(3) He broke the door quite easily.

➢ Sweetly si chalui dechiu thiubolo chiubo lamga dinmasan khaibo lad kengye. Haibo ladkeng sweetly si verb sing tu nkhabo ye. Thiumui ye chiujiu.

➢ Niabo ga, Very si clever tu nkhabo ye. Clever si adjective ye.

➢ Sumbo ga, Quite si adverb ye, sichiujiu adverb katambo easily lamga dinmasan diangkhabo ladkeng ye)

English lad ga adverb dung kakeng lamga ly niu kanamraboye. Sweetly, gently, happily, proudly, strongly, poudly, busily,lovingly, kumbo dung. Maksai pawandung (Adverb of Time)tomorrow, now, tonight, kumbo dung; khatdi pakhaidung (Adverb of Place), here, there, where, away, nearby, kumbo dung; khatdi pawanjai (Adverb of Frequency) seldom, usually, sometimes kumbo; maksai changamkambo gu pajai dung (Adverb of Degree) extremely, totally, completely kumbo si adverb malengye.

(6) PREPOSITION

Preposition ladkeng si Latin lad praeponere chiubo gasu khoi patle.

Preposition ladkeng ga chalad nia bamme “pre” nai “position” – pre+position = preposition. Pre chiusai before (pamasuang ga), position chiusai pakhai. Preposition chiusai, malapajiu dinbo ga, noun gu pakhai lamga dinbo ladkeng tuye.

Definition: words that links a noun or a pronoun to other words in a sentence.

Sentence ga noun khat nai noun khat tu jumathukhaibo, maksai pakhai dinkhaibo ladkeng dungtu preposition kuye.

Dinchampanbo ga:

(1) There is a dog in the garden.

(2) The river is below the bridge.

(3) The sky is above us.

(4) Pen is on the table.

(5) Fish is inside the water.

Raibo ga, dog (tathi) nai garden (kareng) lamga alambo ladkeng si in ye, sisi preposition ne. Sichiubo kum dog tu position, pakhai degalo; chiubo si, kareng ga ye chiubo si in chiubo ladkeng siniu pisikhaiye. Sikumjiu below, above, on, inside, by, for pakhai (position) ngoulen khaibo ladkeng hinang si preposition ne, maksai noun khatnai noun khat tu link (alam khaibo) si preposition ye.

(7) CONJUNCTION

Conjunction si Latin lad ga conjungere gasu khatdi French lad conjonction gasu khoi patle. Parambaniu “joining or meeting of things or ideas.”

Definition: Conjunction words join together words, phrases, sentences.

Conjunction ladkeng dung si ra chaladkeng, chaladriang, khatdi chaladdum kumbo ju aruang khaibo, connect thiukhaibo, join thiukhaibo tuye.

Dinchampanbo ga:

(1) Namribou and John are good friends.

(2) He went to Kuilong but he did not reach.

(3) I cannot eat egg because I am allergic to it.

Haibo sentences ga chaladkeng dung, maksai chaladriang dung tu jumathukhai bambo ladkeng dung and, but, because kumbo dungtu Conjunction kuye.

Conjunction katmabo dungra or, unless, since, though, although, before, as, kumbo dungsiye.

(8) INTERJECTION

Interjection si Latin lad interiectionem gasu khoi patle. Parambaniu “wakakga khaibo” chiuye. Inter chiusai wakakga; iectionemchiusai ngutbo chiuye.

Definition: words or phrases used in exclamation or sudden feeling of the mind.

Chaladkeng dung asuanghabo, achunwijubo, chariumagenthiubo ting thinpiubo laddung tuye.

Dinchampanbo ga:

(1) Alas! He is no more.

(2) Hurray! We have won the football match.

(3) Oh! That’s so bad.

Alas, hurray, oh, kumbo chaladkeng dung si asuanghabo, alungchariubo, achunwijubo ting thinpiubo laddungye. Example ga: Ow, ew, ugh, gosh, yap, oh no, oh well, cheers, wow, ouch, oops, aha, eww, bravo, kumbo dunsi interjection malengye. Kasia ra paramba bamson makboye, thinbo gasu haileng thinbambo chiubo si siye. Lianglad ga di apou charawang, apuiyo, wijuye, aiyia, aare, ess,wey, kumbo dungsi ye.

HAIBO CHALADRIANG GA PARTS OF SPEECH JOUKAMME:

Well, I left angrily because of several insults.

Well (interjection), I (pronoun), left (verb), angrily (adverb), because (conjunction), of (preposition), several (adjective), insults (noun).

Kanambo ga, dinsan ra kengbamme, dinwangtang makbo di kengjiu bamme. Khai sanrabo pajat-pajat, articles, determines, phrases, punctuations, tense, speech, voice, kumbo kengjiu bamme. Pawansai saisuijiu khai sanbamsune chiu malumme. Haibo article si parathiujiu ariaknamai leng roukhaibo ye English Grammar sisan lura. Liangmai subject Class IX-X ga Liangmai Grammar & Composition bamme sise ra parathiujiu Liangmai Grammar ye. Thainai gu article sira English Grammar lamgaye. Siniu English Grammar, ga Parts of Speech dechiujiu siwiralo chiubo jai taliu phuibo ye. Haiga roukhai bambo siniu machang mi makge, kaloibo di makke, khatdi khaimachang makbo kengjiu bamme. Chiubamdi pawan saisuijiu khit-khitjiu taliu patsan misune chiujiu malumme.

Dr. M. Maisuangdibou hai Union Biblical Seminary (UBS), Pune, ga Theology Department ga Assistant Professor thiu bam-e. Pahai MA English (UGC-NET) khatdi PhD (Theology) ga loi lu bambo-e.

Courtesy: ANP Magazine 2021 Issue Vol.3